CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT (CDM)

Background: Simon Commission (1927–1928)

• 1927 → Appointed under John Simon
• 1928 → Arrived in India
• 7-member commission, no Indian member
• Led to nationwide protests

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Indian Response

Nehru Report (1928)

• Prepared under Motilal Nehru
• Suggested constitutional reforms

Muslim League Demands

• Delhi Proposals by Muslim League
• 14 Points by Jinnah

Congress Response

• Delhi Manifesto issued by Congress
• Showed political disagreement

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Lahore Session (1929)

• Led by Jawaharlal Nehru
• Declared goal of Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence)
• 26 Jan 1930 → Celebrated as 1st Independence Day
• 31 Dec 1929 → Flag hoisted on bank of Ravi River

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Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement

Dandi March (1930)

• Started: 12 March 1930
• Ended: 4 April 1930
• From Sabarmati to Dandi (240 miles)
• Aim: Break Salt Law, with 78 volunteers
• 4 May 1930 → Gandhiji arrested
• Marked start of mass civil disobedience

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Spread of Movement

• Ryotwari areas → Refusal to pay land revenue
• Zamindari areas → Refusal to pay chowkidar tax
• Central Provinces → Forest law violations
• Movement became nationwide mass protest

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Regional Leaders

• Tamil Nadu → C. Rajagopalachari
• Malabar → K. Kelappan
• Orissa → Gopalbandhu Choudhary
• Bihar → Ambika Kant Sinha
• Peshawar → Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
• Dharsana → Sarojini Naidu
• Manipur & Nagaland → Rani Gaidinliu

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Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931)

• Signed on 14 Feb 1931
• Irwin’s condition: Suspend CDM & join 2nd Round Table Conference
• Gandhi agreed → CDM temporarily suspended
• Allowed negotiation with British

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Karachi Session (1931)

• Led by Sardar Patel
• Decision to participate in 2nd RTC
• Defined meaning of Purna Swaraj
• Passed 2 resolutions:
  • Fundamental Rights
  • National Economic Policy

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Round Table Conferences

• Held in London
• 1st RTC (1930) → Congress boycotted
• 2nd RTC (1931) → Gandhi participated
• 3rd RTC (1932) → Final phase
• B. R. Ambedkar participated in all three

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Memory Tricks 🧠

• Flow:
  Simon → Nehru Report → Lahore → Dandi → Pact → RTC
• Dandi March:
  “12–4–240–78”
  (Start–End–Distance–Volunteers)
• RTC order:
  “Boycott → Participate → End”