Gupta Era (310 AD – 540 AD)

Early Rulers

Gupta / Sri Gupta

  • Founder → started Gupta dynasty
  • Followed by Ghatotkacha (son)

Chandragupta I (319–334 AD)

  • Title: Maharajadhiraja → great king
  • Marriage: Kumaradevi (Lichchhavi princess) → alliance strengthened power
  • Started Gupta Era (320 AD)
  • Issued Gold coins (Dinars) → economic prosperity

Samudragupta (335–380 AD)

Achievements

  • Greatest ruler → never defeated
  • Called “Napoleon of India” (V.A. Smith)
  • Performed Ashvamedha Yajna → imperial power

Sources

  • Prayag Prashasti (Allahabad Pillar) by Harisena

Titles

  • Kaviraja, Param Bhagavata, Sarva-raj-ochchetta

Special

  • Coins show playing Veena → patron of arts

Chandragupta II (380–414 AD)

Achievements

  • Title: Vikramaditya
  • Defeated Sakas → expanded empire
  • Largest territorial expansion
  • Started Silver coins (after Saka victory)

Alliances

  • Married daughter Prabhavati Gupta to Rudrasena II (Vakataka)

Inscriptions

  • Mehrauli Iron Pillar inscription

Culture

  • Court of Navratnas (9 gems)
    • Kalidasa → “Shakespeare of India”
    • Amarsimha, Dhanvantari, Varahamihira, etc.

Traveller

  • Fa-Hien (1st Chinese traveller) → described society

Literature

Works of Kalidasa

  • Abhijnana Shakuntalam
  • Raghuvamsa, Meghaduta
  • Kumarasambhava, Ritusamhara
  • Malavikagnimitra

Other Work

  • Mrichchhakatika (Shudraka) → love story of Charudatta & Vasantasena

Later Rulers

Kumaragupta I (415–455 AD)

  • Faced Huna invasions (Central Asia)
  • Founded Nalanda University

Skandagupta (455–461 AD)

  • Successfully resisted Hunas
  • Title: Vikramaditya

Administration

Structure (Decentralized)

  • Bhukti → province (Uparika)
  • Vishaya → district (Vishayapati)
  • Vithi → sub-division (Nagarpati)
  • Village → Gramika

Officers

  • Kumaramatya → provincial officer
  • Mahadandanayaka → justice/punishment
  • Sandhivigrahika → war & peace

Economy / Taxes

  • Bhaga → 1/6th produce
  • Bhoga → gifts (fruits, flowers)
  • Bali → tax
  • Uparikara → extra tax
  • Vishti → forced labour
  • Senabhakti → villagers feed army

Culture

Religion & Art

  • Varaha Avatar (Vishnu) → symbol of protection
    • Built by Chandragupta II (Udayagiri, MP)

Temples

  • Dashavatara Temple (Jhansi)
  • Bhitargaon Temple (Kanpur) → oldest brick temple

Source

  • Bhitari Pillar inscription

🔥 Memory Tricks

  • “CGS-CSK = Chandragupta → Samudragupta → Chandragupta II → Kumaragupta → Skandagupta”
  • “Samudragupta = War + Veena”
  • “Chandragupta II = Vikramaditya + Navratna”

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