EMERGENCE OF GANDHI

Early Life

• 2 Oct 1869 → Birth at Porbandar, Gujarat
• Later became leader of Indian National Movement

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Return to India (1915)

• 9 January 1915 → Returned to India from South Africa
• Started understanding Indian conditions & masses

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Initial Movements (1917–1918)

Champaran Satyagraha (1917)

• First successful Satyagraha in India
• Led against Tinkathia system (forced indigo cultivation)
• Invited by Rajkumar Shukla
• Marked Gandhi’s entry into mass politics

Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)

• Movement for workers’ rights
• Led on request of Anusuiya Sarabhai
• Used hunger strike as a method
• Strengthened labour movement

Kheda Satyagraha (1918)

• Against tax collection during crop failure
• Farmers demanded tax relief
• Gandhi met Sardar Patel
• Showed success of non-violent protest

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National Level Movements

Rowlatt Satyagraha (1919)

• Protest against Rowlatt Act (1919)
• Act allowed detention without trial
• First nationwide protest led by Gandhi
• Led to widespread public unrest

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)

• Occurred on 13 April 1919
• Brutal killing of unarmed civilians
• Became turning point in freedom struggle
• Increased anger against British rule

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Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

• Launched against Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
• Aimed to boycott British institutions
• Included Khilafat Movement support
• Promoted Swadeshi & non-violence

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Withdrawal of Movement (1922)

Chauri Chaura Incident (1922)

• Violent clash → police station burnt
• Protestors killed policemen
• Gandhi opposed violence strictly
• Led to suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement

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Memory Tricks 🧠

• Timeline trick:
  “15–17–18–19–20–22”
  (Return → Champaran → Kheda/Ahmedabad → Rowlatt → Non-Cooperation → Withdrawal)
• Early movements:
  “Champaran–Ahmedabad–Kheda = CAK” (First 3 struggles)
• Key idea:
  Gandhi = Satyagraha + Non-violence + Mass movement