Overview
- Borrowed from USSR
- Based on Sardar Swaran Singh Committee
- 10 duties added by 42nd Amendment
- 11th duty (51A(k)) added by 86th Amendment
- Applicable only to Indians
Article 51A – Fundamental Duties
Article 51A(a)
- Respect Constitution, its ideals & institutions
- Respect National Flag & National Anthem
Article 51A(b)
- Follow ideals of freedom struggle
Article 51A(c)
- Protect sovereignty, unity & integrity of India
Article 51A(d)
- Defend the country
- Render national service when required
Article 51A(e)
- Promote harmony & brotherhood
- Avoid practices against dignity of women
Article 51A(f)
- Preserve cultural heritage
Article 51A(g)
- Protect environment
- Show compassion for living creatures
Article 51A(h)
- Develop scientific temper & humanism
Article 51A(i)
- Safeguard public property
- Avoid violence
Article 51A(j)
- Strive for excellence in all fields
Article 51A(k)
- Provide education to children (6–14 yrs)
Fundamental Rights vs DPSP
Champakam Dorairajan Case (1951)
- FR > DPSP
- FRs are amendable
Golaknath Case (1967)
- Parliament cannot take away FRs
- 24th Amendment → Parliament can amend FRs
- 25th Amendment → Protection to laws under Art. 39(b),(c)
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
- 13-judge bench
- Parliament can amend FRs
- Cannot destroy Basic Structure
Minerva Mills Case
- Balance between FR & DPSP