Preamble
Origin & Adoption
- Concept → USA, Language → Australia → borrowed ideas
- Based on Objective Resolution (Nehru) → foundation
- Adopted: 22 Jan 1949 → approved
- Enforced: 26 Jan 1950 → became effective
Nature & Importance
- “ID Card” – N.A. Palkhivala → identity of Constitution
- “Horoscope” – K.M. Munshi → future direction
- “Keynote” – Ernst Barker → core philosophy
Source of Authority
- People of India → ultimate power
Features (Nature)
- Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic → basic nature
Objectives
- Justice → Social, Economic, Political
- Liberty → Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith, Worship
- Equality → Status & Opportunity
- Fraternity → Unity & brotherhood
Amendment
- 42nd Amendment (1976) → Mini Constitution
- Added: Socialist, Secular, Integrity
Preamble Cases
Berubari Case (1960)
- Preamble NOT part of Constitution → cannot amend
Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973)
- Preamble IS part → can be amended
- 13 judges bench → largest bench
LIC Case
- Confirmed Kesavananda decision
Schedule
List of Schedules
- 1st → Territories & jurisdiction
- 2nd → Emoluments (salary)
- 3rd → Oaths & affirmations
- 4th → Rajya Sabha seats
- 5th → Scheduled Areas
- 6th → Tribal areas (Assam, Tripura, Mizoram, Meghalaya)
- 7th → Federal provisions (Union/State/Concurrent)
- 8th → Official Languages
- Originally: 14 → Now: 22
- 21st CA → Sindhi
- 71st CA → Konkani, Manipuri, Nepali
- 92nd CA → Bodo, Dogri, Maithili, Santhali
- 96th CA → Odia
- 9th → Land reforms (1st CA, 1951)
- 10th → Anti-defection (52nd CA, 1985)
- 11th → Panchayats (73rd CA, 1992)
- 12th → Municipalities (74th CA, 1993)
Sources of Constitution
GOI Act 1935
- Emergency provisions, Federal system → major influence
- Governor role, PSC, Supreme Court setup
UK
- Parliamentary system, Rule of Law, Single citizenship
- Writs, Bicameralism, Legislative procedure
USA
- Fundamental Rights, Preamble, Judicial Review
- Separation of Powers, Impeachment, Vice President
- President election, Equality before law
Canada
- Strong Centre, Residuary powers to Centre
- Governor appointment, Advisory jurisdiction of SC
Australia
- Concurrent List, Trade freedom
- Joint sitting, Power distribution
Ireland
- DPSP, Nomination in Rajya Sabha
Germany
- Emergency powers, Suspension of FR
USSR (Russia)
- Fundamental Duties, Five-Year Plans
- Justice ideals (Social, Economic, Political)
France
- Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, Republic system
Japan
- Procedure established by law
🔥 Memory Tricks
- “S3DR” → Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic
- “JLEF” → Justice, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
- “UK = System, USA = Rights, USSR = Duties”